Diff算法的核心挑战
传统树比较的复杂度问题
传统的树比较算法(如Tree Edit Distance)时间复杂度为O(n³),其中n是树的节点数量。对于大型应用来说,这种复杂度是完全不可接受的。
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| function treeEditDistance(tree1, tree2) { }
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React的优化策略
React通过以下启发式规则将复杂度降低到O(n):
- 类型不同则完全替换:如果元素类型不同,直接替换整个子树
- 键值标识元素:通过key属性识别元素的移动和复用
- 同级比较:只在同级元素间进行比较,不跨层级
Diff算法的三层比较策略
1. 树层级比较(Tree Level)
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| function diffTrees(oldTree, newTree) { if (oldTree.type !== newTree.type) { return { type: 'REPLACE', newTree }; } const propPatches = diffProps(oldTree.props, newTree.props); const childPatches = diffChildren( oldTree.props.children, newTree.props.children ); return { type: 'UPDATE', propPatches, childPatches }; }
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2. 组件层级比较(Component Level)
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| function shouldUpdateComponent(prevElement, nextElement) { if (prevElement.type !== nextElement.type) { return true; } if (prevElement.key !== nextElement.key) { return true; } return !shallowEqual(prevElement.props, nextElement.props); }
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3. 元素层级比较(Element Level)
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| function diffChildren(oldChildren, newChildren) { const patches = []; const oldMap = createKeyToOldIdxMap(oldChildren); let newIdx = 0; let lastPlacedIndex = 0; while (newIdx < newChildren.length) { const newChild = newChildren[newIdx]; const oldIdx = oldMap[newChild.key]; if (oldIdx === undefined) { patches.push(createInsertPatch(newChild, newIdx)); } else { const oldChild = oldChildren[oldIdx]; if (shouldUpdateElement(oldChild, newChild)) { patches.push(createUpdatePatch(oldChild, newChild, newIdx)); } if (oldIdx < lastPlacedIndex) { patches.push(createMovePatch(newChild, newIdx)); } lastPlacedIndex = Math.max(oldIdx, lastPlacedIndex); } newIdx++; } return patches; }
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Key的重要性和实现原理
Key的作用机制
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| function createKeyToOldIdxMap(children) { const map = {}; for (let i = 0; i < children.length; i++) { const child = children[i]; if (child.key != null) { if (map[child.key] !== undefined) { console.warn('Duplicate keys detected:', child.key); } map[child.key] = i; } } return map; }
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Key的最佳实践
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| const badList = items.map((item, index) => ( <Item key={index} item={item} /> ));
const goodList = items.map(item => ( <Item key={item.id} item={item} /> ));
const staticList = staticItems.map((item, index) => ( <Item key={index} item={item} /> ));
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列表Diff的详细算法
最长递增子序列(LIS)优化
React使用最长递增子序列算法来最小化DOM操作:
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| function findLongestIncreasingSubsequence(arr) { const piles = []; const sequence = []; for (let i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) { const num = arr[i]; let left = 0; let right = piles.length; while (left < right) { const mid = Math.floor((left + right) / 2); if (piles[mid] < num) { left = mid + 1; } else { right = mid; } } if (left < piles.length) { piles[left] = num; } else { piles.push(num); } sequence[i] = left > 0 ? sequence[left - 1] : -1; } const lis = []; let current = piles.length - 1; for (let i = arr.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) { if (sequence[i] === current) { lis.unshift(arr[i]); current--; } } return lis; }
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移动检测算法
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| function calculateMoves(oldIndices, newIndices) { const moves = []; const source = oldIndices.slice(); const dest = newIndices.slice(); const lis = findLongestIncreasingSubsequence(dest); const shouldMove = new Array(dest.length).fill(true); for (const index of lis) { shouldMove[index] = false; } for (let i = dest.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) { if (shouldMove[i]) { moves.push({ type: 'MOVE', from: source.indexOf(dest[i]), to: i }); } } return moves; }
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Fiber架构中的Diff实现
双缓存技术的Diff
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| function reconcileChildFibers( returnFiber, currentFirstChild, newChildren, lanes ) { if (typeof newChildren === 'object' && newChildren !== null) { switch (newChildren.$$typeof) { case REACT_ELEMENT_TYPE: return placeSingleChild( reconcileSingleElement( returnFiber, currentFirstChild, newChildren, lanes ) ); case REACT_PORTAL_TYPE: return placeSingleChild( reconcileSinglePortal( returnFiber, currentFirstChild, newChildren, lanes ) ); default: if (isArray(newChildren)) { return reconcileChildrenArray( returnFiber, currentFirstChild, newChildren, lanes ); } } } if (typeof newChildren === 'string' || typeof newChildren === 'number') { return placeSingleChild( reconcileSingleTextNode( returnFiber, currentFirstChild, '' + newChildren, lanes ) ); } return deleteRemainingChildren(returnFiber, currentFirstChild); }
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单元素Diff
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| function reconcileSingleElement( returnFiber, currentFirstChild, element, lanes ) { const key = element.key; let child = currentFirstChild; while (child !== null) { if (child.key === key) { if (child.type === element.type) { deleteRemainingChildren(returnFiber, child.sibling); const existing = useFiber(child, element.props); existing.return = returnFiber; return existing; } else { deleteRemainingChildren(returnFiber, child); break; } } else { deleteChild(returnFiber, child); } child = child.sibling; } const created = createFiberFromElement(element, returnFiber.mode, lanes); created.return = returnFiber; return created; }
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性能优化策略
shouldComponentUpdate的优化
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| class OptimizedComponent extends React.Component { shouldComponentUpdate(nextProps, nextState) { return !shallowEqual(this.props, nextProps) || !shallowEqual(this.state, nextState); } render() { return <div>{this.props.value}</div>; } }
const MemoizedComponent = React.memo(function MyComponent(props) { return <div>{props.value}</div>; }, (prevProps, nextProps) => { return prevProps.value === nextProps.value; });
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不可变数据结构的优势
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| import { produce } from 'immer';
function reducer(state, action) { return produce(state, draft => { switch (action.type) { case 'UPDATE_ITEM': draft.items[action.index] = action.item; break; case 'ADD_ITEM': draft.items.push(action.item); break; } }); }
import { List } from 'immutable';
const list1 = List([1, 2, 3]); const list2 = list1.push(4);
if (list1 !== list2) { }
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Diff算法的局限性
算法假设的局限性
- 相同类型的组件:假设产生相似的树结构
- Key的稳定性:假设key在整个生命周期中稳定不变
- 同级比较:无法处理跨层级的移动
边缘情况处理
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| function validateKeys(children) { const keys = {}; React.Children.forEach(children, (child, index) => { if (child.key != null) { if (keys[child.key]) { console.error( 'Duplicate keys detected: ' + child.key + '. This can cause performance issues in React.' ); } keys[child.key] = true; } }); }
function generateStableKey(item, index) { if (item.id) return item.id; if (item.name) return item.name; return `index-${index}`; }
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实战:实现简易Diff算法
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| class SimpleDiff { static diff(oldChildren, newChildren) { const patches = []; const oldMap = this.createKeyMap(oldChildren); let newIndex = 0; let lastPlacedIndex = 0; while (newIndex < newChildren.length) { const newChild = newChildren[newIndex]; const oldIndex = oldMap[newChild.key]; if (oldIndex === undefined) { patches.push({ type: 'INSERT', node: newChild, index: newIndex }); } else { const oldChild = oldChildren[oldIndex]; if (!this.isSameNode(oldChild, newChild)) { patches.push({ type: 'UPDATE', oldNode: oldChild, newNode: newChild, index: newIndex }); } if (oldIndex < lastPlacedIndex) { patches.push({ type: 'MOVE', from: oldIndex, to: newIndex }); } lastPlacedIndex = Math.max(oldIndex, lastPlacedIndex); delete oldMap[newChild.key]; } newIndex++; } Object.values(oldMap).forEach(oldIndex => { patches.push({ type: 'DELETE', index: oldIndex }); }); return patches; } static createKeyMap(children) { const map = {}; children.forEach((child, index) => { if (child.key != null) { map[child.key] = index; } }); return map; } static isSameNode(a, b) { return a.type === b.type && a.key === b.key; } }
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React 18中的Diff改进
并发模式下的Diff
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| function reconcileChildrenConcurrent( current, workInProgress, nextChildren, renderLanes ) { if (current === null) { workInProgress.child = mountChildFibers( workInProgress, null, nextChildren, renderLanes ); } else { workInProgress.child = reconcileChildFibers( workInProgress, current.child, nextChildren, renderLanes ); } }
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渐进式Hydration
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| function hydrateRoot(container, element) { const root = createRoot(container, { hydrate: true, hydrationCallbacks: { onHydrated: (suspenseInstance) => { console.log('Component hydrated:', suspenseInstance); }, onDeleted: (suspenseInstance) => { console.log('Component deleted:', suspenseInstance); } } }); root.render(element); return root; }
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测试和调试
Diff算法的单元测试
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| describe('React Diff Algorithm', () => { test('should handle element reordering', () => { const oldChildren = [ { key: 'a', type: 'div' }, { key: 'b', type: 'div' }, { key: 'c', type: 'div' } ]; const newChildren = [ { key: 'c', type: 'div' }, { key: 'a', type: 'div' }, { key: 'b', type: 'div' } ]; const patches = SimpleDiff.diff(oldChildren, newChildren); expect(patches).toContainEqual({ type: 'MOVE', from: 2, to: 0 }); }); test('should detect element updates', () => { const oldChildren = [{ key: 'a', type: 'div', props: { className: 'old' } }]; const newChildren = [{ key: 'a', type: 'div', props: { className: 'new' } }]; const patches = SimpleDiff.diff(oldChildren, newChildren); expect(patches).toContainEqual({ type: 'UPDATE', oldNode: expect.any(Object), newNode: expect.any(Object), index: 0 }); }); });
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性能分析和调试
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| function ExpensiveList() { const items = useMemo(() => Array.from({ length: 1000 }, (_, i) => ({ id: i, value: Math.random() })) , []); return ( <div> {items.map(item => ( <ExpensiveItem key={item.id} item={item} /> ))} </div> ); }
whyDidYouRender(React, { trackAllPureComponents: true, trackHooks: true, logOnDifferentValues: true });
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最佳实践总结
1. 键值策略
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| <Item key={item.id} />
<Item key={index} />
<Item key={Math.random()} />
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2. 组件设计
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| class OptimizedComponent extends React.PureComponent { render() { return <div>{this.props.value}</div>; } }
function OptimizedComponent({ items }) { const memoizedItems = useMemo(() => items.map(processItem), [items]); const handleClick = useCallback(() => { }, []); return <div onClick={handleClick}>{memoizedItems}</div>; }
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3. 数据结构优化
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| const newState = { ...state, items: [...state.items, newItem] };
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结论
React的Diff算法通过巧妙的启发式规则和优化策略,成功将树比较的复杂度从O(n³)降低到O(n)。